1) Geosphere: This sphere focuses on the solid Earth, including its rocks, minerals, and landforms. It encompasses the study of plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanoes, and the formation of mountains.

2) Atmosphere: This sphere deals with the Earth’s gaseous envelope, including the study of weather, climate, and the composition and structure of the atmosphere. It also includes the study of air pollution and the greenhouse effect.

3) Hydrosphere: This sphere focuses on the Earth’s water, including its oceans, lakes, rivers, and groundwater. It encompasses the study of water cycles, ocean currents, waves, tides, and the distribution and properties of water on Earth.

4) Biosphere: This sphere deals with the study of life on Earth, including all living organisms and their interactions with the other spheres. It encompasses the study of ecosystems, biodiversity, and the impact of human activities on the environment.