a. To compute Rafiatu’s Z-score, we can use the formula:

Z = (X - μ) / σ

Where: X = observed score μ = mean σ = standard deviation

Using the given values: X = 12 μ = 12 σ = 10

Z = (12 - 12) / 10 Z = 0 / 10 Z = 0

Therefore, Rafiatu’s Z-score is 0.

To compute Rafiatu’s T-score, we can use the formula:

T = (Z * 10) + 50

Using the Z-score we calculated earlier: T = (0 * 10) + 50 T = 0 + 50 T = 50

Therefore, Rafiatu’s T-score is 50.

b. Interpreting Rafiatu’s observed score using norm-referenced interpretation means comparing her score to the scores of a larger group of individuals who have taken the same assessment. In this case, Rafiatu’s Z-score of 0 indicates that her score is exactly at the mean of the group. This means that she performed at an average level compared to her peers.

Interpreting Rafiatu’s observed score using criterion-referenced interpretation means evaluating her score based on a predetermined standard or criterion. In this case, without knowing the specific criteria or standards, it is difficult to provide a specific interpretation. However, if we assume that a score of 12 is the passing criterion, then Rafiatu’s score would indicate that she met the minimum requirement to pass the quiz.