Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles that first appeared around 243 to 233 million years ago. They became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates after a mass extinction event around 201.3 million years ago and continued to thrive during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Birds are actually a type of dinosaur, as they evolved from earlier theropods during the Late Jurassic epoch.
Dinosaurs are a varied group in terms of taxonomy, morphology, and ecology. Birds, with over 10,700 living species, are one of the most diverse groups of vertebrates. Paleontologists have identified over 900 distinct genera and more than 1,000 different species of non-avian dinosaurs through fossil evidence. Dinosaurs have been found on every continent, both as living species (birds) and as fossil remains.
In the past, before birds were recognized as dinosaurs, many scientists believed that dinosaurs were slow and cold-blooded. However, research since the 1970s has shown that dinosaurs were active animals with high metabolisms and various adaptations for social interaction. Some dinosaurs were herbivorous, while others were carnivorous. All dinosaurs were egg-laying, and many built nests.
While most dinosaurs were bipedal, some extinct groups included quadrupedal species, and some could switch between both stances. Elaborate display structures like horns or crests were common among all dinosaur groups, and some developed skeletal modifications such as bony armor and spines. While modern-day birds are generally small due to the constraints of flight, many prehistoric dinosaurs, both avian and non-avian, were large-bodied. The largest sauropod dinosaurs, for example, reached lengths of up to 39.7 meters (130 feet) and heights of 18 meters (59 feet), making them the largest land animals of all time. However, it is important to note that not all dinosaurs were gigantic, as many were quite small, measuring around 50 centimeters (20 inches) in length.
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