European geography refers to the physical and human characteristics of the continent of Europe. It includes the study of its landforms, climate, natural resources, population distribution, and cultural diversity.

Europe is the second-smallest continent in the world, covering an area of about 10.18 million square kilometers. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Mediterranean Sea to the south, and the Ural Mountains and Ural River to the east.

The continent is known for its diverse landscapes, including mountain ranges such as the Alps, Pyrenees, and Carpathians, as well as plains like the North European Plain and the Hungarian Plain. It also has numerous rivers, including the Danube, Rhine, and Volga.

Europe experiences a wide range of climates, from the Mediterranean climate in the south to the subarctic climate in the north. The continent is home to various ecosystems, including forests, grasslands, and wetlands, which support a rich biodiversity.

Europe has a population of over 740 million people, making it the third-most populous continent. The population is unevenly distributed, with densely populated areas in Western Europe and sparsely populated regions in the north and east. Major cities in Europe include London, Paris, Berlin, Rome, and Moscow.

The continent is known for its cultural diversity, with numerous languages, religions, and ethnic groups. It has a long history of civilizations, including ancient Greece and Rome, the Renaissance, and the Enlightenment. Europe is also home to many famous landmarks and tourist destinations, such as the Eiffel Tower, Colosseum, Acropolis, and Buckingham Palace.

European geography is an important field of study for understanding the continent’s physical and human processes, as well as its geopolitical and economic dynamics. It helps to explain the similarities and differences between European countries and regions, and how they interact with each other and the rest of the world.