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Explain the concept of physical geography and its subfields, such as geomorphology, climatology, biogeography, and hydrology. Discuss how physical geography studies natural features and processes on Earth’s surface.
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Provide detailed examples of physical geography features, such as mountains (e.g., the Himalayas), rivers (e.g., the Amazon River), and deserts (e.g., the Sahara Desert). Discuss their formation, characteristics, and significance.
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Elaborate on the five main types of climate: tropical, dry, temperate, continental, and polar. Discuss their characteristics, geographical distribution, and the factors that influence them, such as latitude, altitude, and ocean currents.
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Differentiate between weather and climate by explaining that weather refers to short-term atmospheric conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, wind), while climate refers to long-term patterns of weather in a specific region.
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Provide in-depth examples of human geography features, such as cities (e.g., New York City), transportation networks (e.g., the Trans-Siberian Railway), and cultural landscapes (e.g., the Great Wall of China). Discuss their significance, development, and impact on human societies.
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Explain the difference between population density (the number of people per unit of area) and population distribution (the arrangement of people across a given area). Discuss factors influencing population density and distribution, such as resources, climate, and economic opportunities.
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Elaborate on the three main types of economic activities: primary (extracting raw materials), secondary (manufacturing and processing), and tertiary (providing services). Discuss their interdependence and the shift from primary to tertiary activities in developed countries.
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Provide detailed explanations of primary, secondary, and tertiary economic activities, including examples. Discuss the role of each sector in the economy, their impact on employment, and their contribution to GDP.
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Expand the list of natural resources to include examples such as fossil fuels (e.g., coal, oil), minerals (e.g., gold, copper), and renewable resources (e.g., timber, water). Discuss their distribution, extraction methods, and environmental implications.
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Elaborate on the difference between renewable and non-renewable resources by discussing their availability, replenishment rate, and sustainability. Analyze the impact of resource depletion and the need for sustainable resource management.
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Explore urbanization in depth, discussing its causes, consequences, and patterns. Analyze the push and pull factors that drive rural-to-urban migration and the challenges associated with rapid urban growth, such as infrastructure development and social inequality.
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Provide a comprehensive analysis of the push and pull factors of migration, including economic opportunities, political instability, environmental factors, and social networks. Discuss the impact of migration on both the origin and destination regions.
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Expand the examples of cultural diffusion to include phenomena such as the spread of religions (e.g., Buddhism, Islam), languages (e.g., English, Spanish), and technological innovations (e.g., the internet). Analyze the factors that facilitate or hinder cultural diffusion.
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Analyze the differences between developed and developing countries in terms of economic indicators (e.g., GDP per capita, industrialization), social indicators (e.g., education, healthcare), and infrastructure. Discuss the challenges faced by developing countries in achieving sustainable development.
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Provide a comprehensive analysis of globalization, discussing its economic, political, cultural, and environmental dimensions. Analyze its impact on trade, communication, migration, cultural homogenization, and environmental degradation.
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Elaborate on the three main types of government systems: democracy, autocracy, and oligarchy. Discuss their characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages, and provide examples of countries with each type of government.
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Differentiate between a monarchy (rule by a king or queen) and a democracy (rule by the people). Discuss the variations within each system, such as constitutional monarchies and direct democracies, and analyze their strengths and weaknesses.
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Expand the list of major world religions to include examples such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. Discuss their beliefs, practices, geographical distribution, and their impact on societies and cultures.
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Analyze the difference between a language (a system of communication) and a dialect (a variation of a language). Discuss the factors that contribute to language and dialect formation, such as geography, history, and social factors.
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Provide a comprehensive analysis of how geography impacts the economy, culture, and society of a region. Discuss how physical geography influences resource availability, transportation networks, and agricultural practices. Analyze how human geography shapes population distribution, urbanization, and cultural diversity.