River valleys: Rivers and their associated valleys are among the most distinctive physical features of Europe, including the Rhine, Danube, Elbe, and Vistula.

Mountain ranges: Europe is home to several famous mountain ranges, including the Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, and Caucasus.

Coasts: Europe’s coastline is irregular, with the Atlantic on the west, the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Mediterranean in the south, and the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea to the east.

Forests: Europe is mostly covered by deciduous and coniferous forests, with areas of taiga in the north and alpine scrub in the mountains.

Plateaus and plains: Much of central and western Europe is made up of plains and plateaus, including the Central European Plain in Germany and the North European Plain in the UK.