Title: Cause and Effect Linkers

Objective: To teach and practice the use of cause and effect linkers (due to, consequently, because, as a result of, etc.) through exercises and speaking activities.

Warm-up (5 minutes): 1. Begin by asking students if they are familiar with cause and effect linkers. Write a few examples on the board (e.g., due to, consequently, because, as a result of) and ask students to explain their meanings. 2. Provide a simple cause and effect sentence and ask students to identify the linker used. For example: “She missed the bus, so she was late for work.” (so)

Explanation (10 minutes): 1. Present a brief explanation of cause and effect linkers, emphasizing their role in connecting two related ideas in a cause and effect relationship. 2. Provide examples of sentences using different cause and effect linkers and explain their meanings and usage. For example: - Due to: Due to the heavy rain, the match was canceled. - Consequently: He didn’t study for the exam; consequently, he failed. - Because: She couldn’t sleep because of the loud noise. - As a result of: As a result of the accident, the road was closed.

Practice Exercises (15 minutes): 1. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate cause and effect linker: a. _____ the bad weather, the flight was delayed. b. He didn’t eat breakfast, _____ he felt hungry during the morning. c. She worked hard, _____ she got promoted. d. _____ the power outage, the whole neighborhood was in darkness. e. He missed the bus, _______ he arrived late to the meeting.

1. Match the cause and effect sentences: a. She forgot her umbrella. (1) Consequently, she got wet. b. He didn’t study for the test. (2) As a result of the rain, the game was canceled. c. The traffic was heavy. (3) Because of the traffic, he arrived late. d. It was raining heavily. (4) Due to his laziness, he failed the exam. e. He didn’t do his homework. (5) Therefore, he couldn’t go out.

Speaking Activities (15 minutes): 1. Divide students into pairs or small groups. 2. Provide each group with a set of picture cards depicting different situations (e.g., a car accident, a student studying, a person exercising, etc.). 3. In turns, one student selects a card and describes the cause of the situation, while the other student guesses the effect. For example, if the card shows a car accident, the student might say, “The driver was texting while driving,” and the partner would respond, “As a result, he crashed into another car.” 4. Encourage students to use a variety of cause and effect linkers in their descriptions.

Wrap-up (5 minutes): 1. Review the key points of the lesson, emphasizing the use of cause and effect linkers. 2. Ask students to share any difficulties they encountered during the exercises or speaking activities. 3. Assign homework that includes writing sentences using cause and effect linkers.

Note: Adjust the duration of each activity based on the class’s proficiency level and pace.