Result-based management (RBM) is an approach to planning, implementing, and evaluating projects or programs that focuses on achieving specific results or outcomes. It involves a systematic process of identifying problems, analyzing their causes, and developing strategies to address them. Problem tree analysis is a tool commonly used in RBM to identify and analyze the underlying causes of a problem.

The planning process using problem tree analysis in RBM typically involves the following steps:

1. Problem identification: The first step is to identify the problem or issue that needs to be addressed. This could be done through various methods such as stakeholder consultations, data analysis, or needs assessments.

2. Problem analysis: Once the problem is identified, a problem tree is developed to analyze the causes and effects of the problem. The problem tree consists of a hierarchy of problems, with the main problem at the top and the underlying causes at the bottom.

3. Cause and effect analysis: Each problem identified in the problem tree is analyzed to determine its causes and effects. This is done by asking “why” and “how” questions to understand the root causes and the consequences of the problem.

4. Objectives and indicators: Based on the problem analysis, specific objectives are developed to address the underlying causes of the problem. These objectives should be measurable and time-bound. Indicators are also identified to measure progress towards achieving the objectives.

5. Strategies and activities: Strategies and activities are developed to address the underlying causes and achieve the objectives. These strategies should be based on evidence and best practices, and should be feasible and realistic.

6. Monitoring and evaluation: A monitoring and evaluation framework is developed to track progress towards achieving the objectives. This includes identifying key performance indicators, setting targets, and establishing a system for data collection and analysis.

7. Implementation and review: The strategies and activities are implemented, and progress is regularly reviewed and monitored. Any necessary adjustments or changes are made based on the monitoring and evaluation findings.

By using problem tree analysis in the RBM planning process, organizations can ensure that their interventions are targeted towards addressing the root causes of the problem and achieving meaningful results. This approach helps to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of projects or programs, and enables organizations to demonstrate the impact of their interventions.