Water is a vital substance for all living organisms and is essential for various processes on Earth. Here are some basic facts, states, processes, and structure of water:

1. Chemical Formula: The chemical formula of water is H2O, which means it consists of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom.

2. States of Water: Water exists in three states: solid, liquid, and gas. At temperatures below 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit), water freezes and becomes a solid, commonly known as ice. At temperatures between 0 degrees Celsius and 100 degrees Celsius (32-212 degrees Fahrenheit), water is in its liquid state. At temperatures above 100 degrees Celsius (212 degrees Fahrenheit), water boils and turns into a gas, known as steam.

3. Processes Involving Water: Water participates in various processes on Earth, including:

   • Evaporation: The process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas (water vapor) due to heat energy.
   • Condensation: The process by which water vapor cools and changes back into a liquid form, forming clouds or dew.
   • Precipitation: The release of water from clouds in the form of rain, snow, sleet, or hail.
   • Transpiration: The process by which plants release water vapor through their leaves.
   • Runoff: The movement of water over the Earth’s surface, usually flowing into rivers, lakes, or oceans.

4. Structure of Water Molecule: The water molecule has a bent or V-shaped structure. The oxygen atom is located at the center, with two hydrogen atoms bonded to it. The angle between the two hydrogen atoms is approximately 104.5 degrees.

5. Polarity: Water is a polar molecule, meaning it has a positive charge on one end (hydrogen) and a negative charge on the other end (oxygen). This polarity allows water molecules to attract each other, resulting in various unique properties of water, such as surface tension and capillary action.

6. Universal Solvent: Water is often called the universal solvent because it has the ability to dissolve a wide range of substances. This property allows water to transport nutrients and minerals in living organisms and play a crucial role in chemical reactions.

7. Density Anomaly: Unlike most substances, water exhibits an anomaly in its density. As water cools below 4 degrees Celsius (39.2 degrees Fahrenheit), it becomes denser until it reaches its maximum density at 4 degrees Celsius. However, as it continues to cool further, it expands and becomes less dense, which is why ice floats on water.

These are just a few basic facts, states, processes, and structural aspects of water. Water’s unique properties make it a fundamental component for sustaining life and shaping the Earth’s environment.