Pre-colonial economic systems in Zimbabwe were characterized by a complex web of trade and exchange networks that were based on indigenous knowledge systems. These systems were deeply rooted in the cultural and social practices of the various ethnic groups that inhabited the region. The economy was largely based on agriculture, with crops such as maize, sorghum, and millet being the mainstay of the economy. Livestock farming was also an important economic activity, with cattle, goats, and sheep being the most commonly reared animals.

a) The economy and indigenous knowledge systems in Zimbabwe

Indigenous knowledge systems played a crucial role in the pre-colonial economy of Zimbabwe. These systems were based on the accumulated knowledge and experience of the various ethnic groups that inhabited the region. They encompassed a wide range of practices, including agriculture, animal husbandry, hunting, fishing, and trade. Indigenous knowledge systems were passed down from generation to generation through oral traditions, and were deeply embedded in the cultural and social practices of the people.

One of the most important aspects of indigenous knowledge systems in Zimbabwe was the use of traditional farming methods. These methods were based on the principles of crop rotation, soil conservation, and the use of organic fertilizers. They were designed to ensure that the land remained fertile and productive over the long term. Indigenous knowledge systems also included the use of traditional medicines, which were derived from plants and other natural sources. These medicines were used to treat a wide range of ailments, and were often more effective than modern pharmaceuticals.

b) Industrialisation in pre-colonial Zimbabwe

Although pre-colonial Zimbabwe was largely an agrarian economy, there were also some elements of industrialisation. The most notable of these was the iron industry, which was based on the smelting of iron ore. Iron was used to make a wide range of tools and weapons, including hoes, axes, spears, and knives. The iron industry was highly developed, and was based on a complex system of trade and exchange networks that extended across the region.

c) Role of men and women in the indigenous economic systems in Zimbabwe

In the pre-colonial economy of Zimbabwe, men and women played different but complementary roles. Men were primarily responsible for agriculture, animal husbandry, and hunting. They were also involved in trade and exchange networks, and often travelled long distances to sell their goods. Women, on the other hand, were responsible for domestic tasks such as cooking, cleaning, and childcare. They also played an important role in agriculture, and were responsible for planting, weeding, and harvesting crops.

Despite these gender roles, men and women often worked together in the pre-colonial economy of Zimbabwe. For example, women would often assist men in the fields during busy periods, and men would help with domestic tasks when necessary. This cooperation was based on a deep sense of community and mutual support, and was essential for the survival of the various ethnic groups that inhabited the region.